Oroonoko Matters Of Race And Kingship English Literature Essay

Aphras Behn ‘s Oroonoko tends to concentrate on the intervention of bondage and race, peculiarly Behn ‘s ‘granting of epic stature to an African prince ‘ ( Pacheco 1 ) . This highlights the impression of affinity, and mention to a legitimate sovereign. Behn ‘s novelette of an African slave who was one time a male monarch was published in 1688, the twelvemonth that saw the exsanguine deposition of King James II in England. This essay will seek and research and analyze the connexions between affairs of race and kingship in the novelette. In his article George Guffey challenged such readings by ‘asserting that the significance of Behn ‘s hero resides non in his African beginnings but in his royal blood, his captivity ‘ , ( Lore Metzger 3 ) harmonizing to Guffey, this presents a mirror image of the at hand deposition of the legitimate sovereign, James II. One could construe this as Behn, stand foring hierarchal rules, making a monarchist political orientation ; this is shown in Behn ‘s series of mentions to the executing of Charles I, this creates linkages to Oroonoko ‘s linear as a prince executed by racialist work forces, inferior in hierarchy. The nostalgic imprint of the old order demonstrates the split in English civilization caused by the civil war ‘s wake ; this impression of kingship is shown in Oroonoko when capturers name him Caesar. The storyteller and Oroonoko- Caesar have both received European instructions, as Todd suggests ‘accorded to favor white work forces ; both are victims and donees of socioeconomic systems that discriminate male monarchs from common mans ‘ back uping the privileges of the aristocracy with net incomes of the slave- trade. Oroonoko is described as holding captured and sold black slaves in African wars before he was himself enslaved by a Christian. The storyteller non merely belongs to a slave owning category but ‘clearly supports the chauvinistic colonising endeavor which fuelled and depended on the African Slave trade ‘ ( Todd, 218 ) . Behn uses exuberant description ‘of gold-prospecting ‘ ( 45 ) to propose desirability- in 1688, on the Eve of William of Orange ‘s accession to the British throne- Behn suggests ‘ Ti bemoaned what his stateliness lost by losing that portion of America ‘ ( 59 ) . The storyteller and a hero who are both victims of the slave trade, and by comparing both characters at different minutes, to the Indians, Behn ‘provides a position on ‘the Conquest of America ‘ ( Todd 219 ) demoing impressions of imperialism and kingship. The renaming of slaves can be seen as destructing individuality, slaves were renamed every bit shortly as they arrived in foreign lands, taking individuality and therefore Oroonoko ‘s kingship, nevertheless one could reason the name Caesar given to the character still denotes affinity and creates a certain sum of regard. Throughout the narrative a sort of monarchist discourse pervades Behn ‘s narrative of a prince who is ‘beloved like a Deity ‘ ( 29 ) . After Oroonoko is sold into bondage in Surinam, Behn ‘foregrounds the monarchist myth ‘ ( Anita Dacheco ) . Trefy, who buys Oroonoko, knows he is no ordinary slave, he is at first richly dressed, harmonizing to his societal place, he can non conceal the: ‘Graces of his expressions and Mein The Royal Youth appear ‘d in spight of the slave, even by those who yet knew non that he was a prince ‘ ( p.39 ) Even though disguised, authorization radiances through, this is clearly shown when Oroonoko reaches the plantation, the response of the slaves to his presence make significance of his royal position clear: ‘Live, O male monarch, Long live, O male monarch! And snoging his pess, paid him Divine Homage ‘ ( 41 ) The slaves worship Oroonoko as a God, as Pacheo emphasises ‘It would be difficult to conceive of a more extremist exoneration, of the royal privilege ‘ intending the slaves serve as a map, a literary map, to solidify the rightness and holiness of royal power. Trefry even reflects merrily that Oroonoko ‘s ‘ Grandeur ‘ is ‘confirmed by the Adoration of all the slaves ‘ ( 41 ) . The royalist discourse basically portrays royal power as a natural jurisprudence, with godly intent, shacking the blood of the royal line. The text seeks to reenforce its monarchist political orientation with governing category values, this can be seen by Oroonoko ‘s instruction, the emphasise on preparation as Pacheo references ‘Oroonoko as a European blue blood, with privileges European upper class-culture ‘ , the work forces who contribute to Oroonoko ‘s instruction are gentlemen such as Trefry, a individual of great ‘wit, and all right a cquisition ‘ ( 38 ) . The novelette written at a clip of great intense turbulence in societal power dealingss, endorses the elitist values of the opinion category, formalizing the authorization non merely for the monarchy, but besides of the upper categories that clutter around the throne, ‘allied to it through a shared involvement in continuing the differentiation of familial power ( 496 ) , SOMETHING SHOULD GO HERE. The affairs of race are questioned in Oroonoko ‘s beloved, whom the English rename Clemene. As Todd suggests Imoinda is ‘doubly enslaved- to the Whites, male and female ‘ ( 219 ) one could propose even to her black hubby. In contrast to the storyteller, who stands in relation Oroonoko, as queen or ‘ Petraarchan lady-lord to a vassal- a ‘Great kept woman ‘ ( 46 ) . As Todd provinces ‘Imoinda is an eldritch amalgam of European ideals of European fantasties about married womans of ‘Oriental ‘ tyrants ‘ , she is hence an image of ideal that race can non dispute. Race is shown Behn ‘s portrayal of her African prince, of both his physical visual aspect and his character, is deeply Europocentric: ‘His face was non of that brown rusty Black, His olfactory organ was lifting and Roman, alternatively of African and level, His oral cavity the finest shaped that could be seen: far from those great turned lips, which are so natural to the remainder of the Blacks ‘ ( p 8 ) The text is clearly eager to separate its hero from other inkinesss: his beauty by and large and his single characteristics distance Oroonoko from what the storyteller calls his ‘gloomy Race ‘ ( 6 ) and place him with European thoughts of beauty. The phrase ‘ bating his coloring material ‘ makes his us feel Oroonoko ‘s African beginnings as a liability, a defect in his race. When the novelette comes to see the hero ‘s every bit extraordinary virtuousness. The history of Oroonoko ‘s upbringing stresses his ‘natural disposition to Arms ‘ ( 6 ) , his tuition in ‘ Ethical motives, linguistic communication and Science ‘ ( 7 ) . One could construe this ‘nature ‘ belonging non to primitivism but to royalism, for it is inseparable from elevated birth. We are told of Oroonokos ‘ native beauty ‘ and struck with ‘ an awe and fear, even those that knew non his Quality ‘ ( 6 ) , the word quality combines intensions of virtuousness and high birth, in this novelette a royal birth, which reflects the prince beauty. Individual value is associated with birth, virtuousness with an familial rank which is shown as a natural order. This is a construct of basic hierarchy, virtuousness as Pacheco provinces ‘ virtuousness is purportedly transmitted from one coevals to the following ‘ ( 4 ) , inte nding power and Kingship is legitimised on the impression of worthiness, authorization is presented as familial. Kingship is explored even further when looker-ons are fortunate to witness royalty it inspires ‘Awe and fear ‘ , these picks of words establishes as profoundly right a relationship between the prince and the remainder of humanity. As Pacheco points out ‘there is no reference here of the Doctrine of the Godhead right of male monarchs ‘ this vitally of import to the Stuart sovereign, but the holiness of Kingship is implied as Oroonoko himself is invested with something kindred to divine power.

One Shot Society Essay

As the great Colin Powell said, â€Å"There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work learning from failure. † People’s success in life is determined by their sacrifice and hard work while young. We can go back in time and arrange every error we commit, meaning that we only have one opportunity in life. My essay will talk about the differences between Hondurans and South Koreans in terms of effort, opportunities, demands and expectations. Countries such as South Korea take very seriously the academic part of life in order to succeed in every aspect of it. Since early people grow with this way of life in which giving every inch of effort counts. Parents lead their children with strict habits of studying instead of doing other activities. Society demands youth to get well prepared for life and they have to respond by demonstrating it in their academic life. The results of studying and being dedicated shows when preparing for college. For example, admissions test for college is a day where society paralyzes, because this is crucial, this is the only shot they got to start with the right foot and have a decent life for probably the next 60 years. If people are not enough dedicated, they will have more difficulties in life. Koreans are usually hard working by nature; they don’t need to be told what to do, they work for it and at the end everything pays. On the other hand we have Honduras, a poor country where society has low demands on individuals; A country where goods are not fairly distributed. Not everyone in the country has opportunities to succeed, if people do not have money, even if they have the desire of giving everything in academics, opportunities do not present. Public education is very poor. Only the social class that can pay has a fair higher education. Academics is not something primary and society’s demand are not so harsh on young people. Even if youth doesn’t have a fine education after high school they can probably find a way out and earn money and because of this reasons not every student gives all their effort. Opportunities present to the ones who know wealthy people and government figures. The majority of Hondurans are not hard working people and society doesn’t give that much opportunities. These two countries are very different in almost every aspect but have similarities on a few. South Korea is a rich powerful country where every kid has to be very dedicated to their studies in order to succeed, young people usually study until 4 and then go with tutors, and meanwhile few Honduran kids are dedicated because of the poor society demands. Schools end about 2 or 3, then do a couple of homework and that’s it. 00% of South Korean parents want their children to get to college, while not every Honduran parent sees college as a mandatory thing to do. The level of work in South Korea surpasses Honduran one and the results show in the evolution as a society and as a country. The little similarity between these two countries is that not so much work opportunities are presented for people who study, making it hard for some people to succeed. In conclusion people should take advantage of that one shot life gives us even if we are in different countries.  To make a difference and overcome difficulties people have to be hard workers to demonstrate society our capacities and accomplish our life goal, which I think for the most is having a wealthy life. Rich countries such as South Korea evolve because of their work, even if this means doing sacrifices and passing through lots of stress. At the end results will show and society will grow. â€Å"Those who have everything given to them become lazy, selfish, and insensitive to the real values of life. The very striving and hard work that we so constantly try to avoid is the major building block in the person we are today†.

Economic development of the countries after SAP Essay

Economic development of the countries after SAP - Essay Example The paper describes economic reform in some countries. Oman, which is also an oil based economy, opened itself to world trade during 1970. Economic reforms implemented in Oman focused on increasing public spending by spending on health, education and welfare provision. Reforms based on development and modernizations were also implemented. These included developing the economy’s infrastructure by building roads, providing low cost housing and building hospitals. Though Oman’s main economic strength has been oil production, it started focusing on other things like tourism and development of natural gas reserves after the oil price slump adversely affected its economy. The general trends of the economic reforms implemented in Oman has been geared towards making the country better off in terms of economic and financial stability, increasing the skill level of their labor force and diversifying its income sources by investing in avenues other than oil production to decrease singular dependency on oil production. The UAE has gained a substantial amount of economic progress due to the economic reforms implemented in the country as part of SAP. However, economic trends in the UAE have been erratic to a large extent with regard to its economic cycles of booms and recessions, wealth, resource reserves, international relations and its struggle to meet challenges that came up over the years. Some particular struggles that the UAE faced have been to do with issues of governance, relating particularly to the adequate management of resources, socioeconomic stability etc., implementation of democracy, domestic and foreign business and overall economic stability and security. The UAE has been particularly interested in working to overcome these challenges by implementing economic policies and taking on measures of economic development. The economy has allowed for immense expenditure on developing its infrastructure, its real estate market and its leisure and tourism sectors. Kuwait is an economy that al so has oil reserves that it manages on its own. Oil production in Kuwait is expected to increase and the economy is, therefore, spending big money on upgrading and expanding its oil refineries. Kuwait also has a sophisticated financial market and a well developed banking system to its added advantage; thus, areas of development in Kuwait apart from the money spent to manage oil resources are centered around the financial industry, most particularly concerning the financial system itself, securities traded, stability of the market and introducing innovative measures to maintain a competitive edge over other financial markets. South Korea has not done as well as the other countries mentioned as a result of the implementation of SAPs. It made huge investments

Capstone Experience (Business Metrics) 2 Assignment

Capstone Experience (Business Metrics) 2 - Assignment Example Current ratio helps in calculating the firm’s ability to pay its short-term liabilities. It is calculated by dividing the current liabilities with the current assets (Mowen, Hansen, & Heitger, 2011). Using the on time delivery indicator to predict stock-out helps in measuring the operational efficiency of the business unit (Bidgoli, 2010). This follows from the derivation of information that ensures that the unit maintains sufficient stock for its operations. The gross operating profit per available room measures the competitiveness of the unit. This follows from the use of the rates to give measures that can maximize profitability of the unit. The current ratio seeks to measure the decision-making capacity. It gives insight into the prevailing financial situation, thus prompting appropriate actions to safeguard financial stability. The business unit seeks to maintain good relations with creditors. Therefore, the current ratio helps the business unit to preserve the trust of the organization’s creditors, by showing when there is need to negotiate with them on payment. The gross operating profit per available room assists the business in seeking a competitive edge in its operations. More to these, the stock-out predictor aligns to the unit’s strategy of promoting customer satisfaction (Stair & Reynolds,

Annotated Bibliography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example The author is emphasizing on heritage and African traditions and that Dee and Maggie should follow the traditions that they were raised with. "Everyday Use" is a true representation of motherhood anxiety in the instance where the mother favors Maggie for being loyal and willing to extend the family generation to her children as compared to Dee who sees no sense in traditions. According to Tuhen, there is a representation of maternal fear that Dee will not be like the daughter that she always wanted her to be. For example, when the mother lacked money to take them to school, Maggie the younger daughter quit school, while Dee was not for the idea because she emphasized that her education was more important. â€Å"She used to read to us without pity†¦.She washed us in a river of make believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn’t necessarily need to know† (Walker 26). There is motherhood fear where Dee being the eldest, she is expected to take the quilts but since the mother does not believe in her, she gives the quilts to Maggie. This according to the mother is a confirmation that Maggie is more worthy of having the quilts as compared to Dee. Again, this is a symbolic measure that the mother became anxious and empowered Maggie while she was still young. Amanda became troubled as she became the father and mother to her family. She becomes disappointed when she misses a job that she wanted and goes home only to quarrel Laura for not staying in the house because she went out. Amanda also keeps quarrelling with Tom because of table manners, going to the movies too much and smoking. Motherhood anxiety is portrayed where Amanda wants Tom to be whom she wants him to be and not who he wants to become. She wants Tom to be more responsible and at times she treats Tom and Laura like little children by telling them what to do and when to do it. Fear is portrayed when Tom is smoking

Write an essay in which you explain J.K.Rowlins position on monsters

Write an in which you explain J.K.Rowlins position on monsters - Essay Example Hermione Granger, Ron Weasley, Luna Lovegood are all heroes in Potterverse. They are the people who helped Harry to fight against evil powers. The heroes are the ones who can favor goodness and led a helping hand to people in extra – ordinary situations. I think for JK Rowling monsters represents the horrendous power of evilness in nature which is not easy to overcome.( Thesis) Potterverse is the magical fantasy adventure of JK Rowling where her heroes and monsters fight with each other. The monsters of potterverse are a threat to the wizards of the fantasy stories and have supernatural powers. The Hero Harry potter being a wizard fights for goodness and confronts monsters of horrific nature. In the potterverse, the heroes and monsters possess superficial powers, however their nature is opposite. The dark lord like Lord Voldemort is lord of death and attempts to murder Harry having killed his parents. He is the monster with evil wizard powers and utilizes it for the destruction of goodness. So in potterverse monsters resemble evilness and heroes are keepers of goodness. The Lord Voldemort, Severus Snape, Draco Malfoy all represent the monsters of the potterverse. They have a vicious character and wants to destroy harry potter and people surrounding him. Lord Voldemort being the main monster in the series is an evil doer and is a dark wizard. He wants to take over the wizard world and wants to kill harry as he possess wizard powers. Severus Snape is a potion teacher and is a double agent who was abusive and unfair. He had exceptional skills with potion making and had vast magical abilities. Draco Malfoy is another major antagonist in the novel, who is self centered, bully and death eater. The classic hero of the potterverse is Harry Potter who is a wizard and is fighter of evil. He is courageous, intelligent and works for social justice. The heroes in the pottervese fight against racism and for social justice against

Fat and Happy All at the Same Time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fat and Happy All at the Same Time - Essay Example She vividly discussed the convention activities and provided a touching and moving realization on what she referred to as overcoming her old assumptions. The second article Fat and Happy was written by Hillel Schwartz, presented two selections entitled Vindication of Fat and The Fat Society: A Utopia. Schwartz openly discussed in the first selection the prejudice and biases experienced by fat people which can range from childhood to adulthood. On the second selection regarding the Fat Society, Schwartz wittingly discussed the utopian spectacle of a Fat society, where size of your waists or hips does not matter in attaining social freedom or personal happiness. In Mary Ray Worley's Fat and Happy, the author's main argument was there are a "growing number of people who believe that it is possible to be happy with your body even if it happens to be fat." Worley successfully argued the aforementioned premises by sharing her own experiences and the realization of being fat and happy all at the same time. According to her, she was able to realize her full potential when she joined the NAFAA Convention.1 She was able to fully utilize and interpret the information she has gathered.

Counter Terrorism in Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 42

Counter Terrorism in Iraq - Essay Example Later in March 22nd, other three people were killed by suicide car bomber, who detonated the bomb at a checkpoint in Sayed Sadiq. That year only, there were 25 suicide bombings executed by 32 attackers. Approximately 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict (Reese, 2009). Since then, terrorism has evolved and propagated over a decade up to date. This has compromised the national security of the country, with the instability paving the way for more terrorist recruitment and invasion. Most of these terrorist groups were formed to oppose the US forces that invaded their country on 20 March 2003. They were joined by the United Kingdom, several coalition associates, and the post-invasion Iraqi government. The US also had an objective of destroying Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction. The dictatorship government was led by Saddam Hussein (Griffin 2004). There are several major terrorist groups, operating in Iraq, that pose a major national security to that nation, with the main one being Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (or Sham or Levant) or ISIS, led by Ibrahim Al-Badri, also known as Al-Baghdadi. They are centered in Syria and Iraq. It is a Wahhabi jihadist extremist militant group, mainly composed of Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria. As of March 2015, it has control over a region occupied by 10 million people in Iraq and Syria, and through trustworthy native groups, it has control over small areas of Libya, Nigeria and Afghanistan (Griffin 2004). On 29 June 2014, the group declared itself to be an international caliphate, where it entitles itself religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide (Reese, 2009). The Asaib Ahl-Haq militia is yet another major terrorism group, operating on Iraq grounds.

Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction Research Paper

Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction - Research Paper Example Customer satisfaction is the outcome felt by those who have experienced a company’s performance that met or exceeded their expectations. Some researchers highlighted the importance of customer satisfaction and do see that customer satisfaction has a positive effect on organization’s profitability. Evidence also shows the positive connection between customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention. Customer loyalty refers to a deeply held commitment to re-buy a preferred product or service in the future despite situational influences and marketing efforts having the potential to cause switching behavior. The aim of this research is to study the impact of service quality on both customer satisfaction and customer loyalty and the overall effect on business and profitability. Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement This research studies the impact of service quality on customer satisfaction which in turn affects the overall business performance and accordingly the overa ll organizational profits and its market value. 1.2 Importance of the study In today’s dynamic market, competition has become very tough and the product no more became the competitive advantage, in contrast the service quality became the driver of today’s business and what differentiates organizations as today’s customer became more sophisticated and much more knowledgeable with access to global markets and information, accordingly, customer satisfaction became the center of attention and organizations heading more and more towards a customer centered perspective 1.3 Research Questions Does service quality really matter? What kind of competition exists in today’s marketplace? What is customer satisfaction? Can it be measured? Does customer satisfaction lead to customer loyalty? What is the relation between quality of service and customer satisfaction? How can customer satisfaction impact the business performance and company value? Chapter Two: Service qua lity 2.1 Service Quality in a Nutshell Service quality is a concept that defines the relationship between expectations and performance of a business. It is based on the knowledge that a company with high quality of service will fulfill the needs of the customer while retaining their economic competitiveness (Jean, 2000). Economic rivalry is increased by the improvement in the quality of service. This objective may be attained by comprehending and developing the operational methods, recognizing the problem swiftly and categorically creating an authentic and dependable service delivery measures and assessing the satisfaction of customers and other performance output. In other words, service quality is a term that is applied by a company’s administration to define the success in service. It replicates at every service delivery. Customers draw their anticipations from their previous experiences, adverts and from word of mouth (Anand, 2010). Universally, consumers contrast the ser vice obtained with anticipated whereby in case the former is underachieved compared to the latter the consumers get dissatisfied. 2.2 Is Service Quality that Important? One of the significant parts of the quality management is giving the customer service required. The business has faith in giving

Marketing concepts And Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing concepts And Strategies - Essay Example The best way of advertising is through print and broadcast media. 2. In a passage of time we have become the conspirators of reproduction generation by generation. The consumers were attracted by the item and bonded with memories of commercial culture. At present, the marketing strategy for selling product is to lure them for branded products; play in branded spaces and exposing them to TV channel. The marketers and advertising agencies work and trade on psychology of consumers for marketing their product. As the VP of a large retailer of men's suits I would introduce branded products so that all classes of people can visit and shop. 3. Marketers spend and invest lots of money in developing strategies of different methods to attract consumers towards their product and capitalize the opportunities to make or amass money. The marketers conduct research to defend, develop counter measures to meet the market competition. The ability of the youth to remove and neutralize the technique of advertising is snubbed by the other agency so as to increase the sale of their product. In the market, the Internets are counteracted by the appearance of e-commerce web sites. In the present marketing world aggressive marketing is the new mantra. Due to the changing trends and tastes of customers the best possible strategies are to explore new ways of marketing. Advertising, considerably slashing the prices of the commodities, increasing the discount rates, aggressive marketing, etc., are the methods that should be used by Apple to stay in the extremely competitive market. 4. Childhood is a creative, innovative and generative. In the society the child consumers are more than adult consumers. The marketing strategy is to attract children by making publicity of the gaming product through media. The producers and marketers display the products in supermarkets and departmental stores for sale. The best strategy is to have a good impression on parents because they are the persons who decide what to purchase for their children. Business to Consumer (B2C): In B2C e-commerce, business uses the Net for offering their products or services to consumers 24 hours a day from any part of the world. B2C portals are the most visible face of e-commerce. 5. Efficiency of management: The purpose of financial statement analysis is to know that the financial policies adopted by the management are efficient or not. Analysis also helps the management in preparing annuity products. It also helps the management to find out the shortcomings so that remedial measures can be taken to remove these shortcomings. Analysis also helps in taking decisions: a) Whether funds required for the retirement services are provided from internal resources of the business or not. b) How much funds have been raised from external sources. Reference Louis E. Boone & David L. Kurtz. Contemporary Marketing. New York: South-WesternCollege Pub. 2004.

Monna Giovanni and Wife of Bath Essay Example for Free

Monna Giovanni and Wife of Bath Essay The personas crafted by Boccaccio and Chaucer are different. Chaucer’s Wife of Bath receives its recognition from her smart characterization that portrays her as unconventional and eccentric woman with certain strident elements whereas Boccaccio’s Monna is described as a creature of elegance and of high moral stature. Both these women are manifestation of two different faces and facets of the same age. One manifestation of the age is conventional i. e. Monna Giovanni who is utterly loyal and faithful whereas other illustration is unconventional that does take into consideration the conformist norms and values of the contemporary era. Both Wife of Bath and Monna Giovanni hail from higher social stratum. Wife of Bath’s attitude toward men is domineering and she advises other women to do so. She considers them lecherous and mean due to their indifferent attitude toward women. She refers to them as suspicious and lusty-fellows. (234-378) Her own attitude toward men is paradoxical. She is offensive toward them and considers it a good practice to get best out of men. But she expects patience from men in anger and urges them to emulate the well-known tolerance of Job. She expects fidelity from them e. g. she hates the infidelity of her fourth husband but never assure them her own fidelity. In contrast to Wife of Bath’s thoughts toward men, Monna’s attitude toward men is in conformity with the socio-cultural standards. Wife of Bath is does not behave in conformity with the social norms and traditions of the contemporary era. She does not meet the expectations of proper manners of a wife. She married to three aged but well-off husbands in her youth and inherited their wealth. She is of dominant nature and tried to override her fourth husband who was of her age. She had a bad experience with her fifth husband. All of them are now dead but Wife’s hopes are alive to marry anew. Through the summary of her married life (459-462), Chaucer portrays her as clever and selfish woman who unlike the common woman of her age does not marry due to matrimonial and ethical purposes but it was her materialistic desires that make her to marry old husbands. But again her attitude toward marriage is paradoxical as she loves her fifth and last husband due to his expertise in sexual relationship. Wife of Bath has had extramarital relationships as well (lines 461, 467, 476). Unlike Wife of Bath, Monna Giovanni is an epitome of chastity and virtuous. She did not notice the temptations of sentiments and paid no heed to the instigations of her lovers. Boccaccio says in this regard; â€Å"However the lady, no less virtuous than fair, cared not a jot for what he (Federigo) did for her sake, nor yet for him. † She marries and remains faithful to her husband till his death. Furthermore, Wife of Bath takes love and marriage in term of economic benefits and thus equalizes it to prostitution. She uses the economic terminology to denote to the marriage and matrimonial relationships. In contrast to Wife of Bath, Monna considers marriage socio-cultural obligations and takes pride in matrimonial bliss. Her faithfulness to her husband is a result of matrimonial accord. After her husband’s death, she does not usurp his inheritance but forward it to their only son. The only similarity between these characters is their stylish and trendy life. Wife of Bath is a fashionable lady adorned with the grace of the contemporary costumes and ornaments. But Chaucer provides certain references where she seems over-dressed. Monna Giovanni was â€Å"in her day held rank among the fairest and most elegant ladies of Florence†. But we do not find her snobbish and over-dressed. There is a feeling of superficiality about the Wife whereas Monna’s character carries elegance and grace with it.

Change management situation in a Police organisation

Change management situation in a Police organisation This essay will analyse a change management situation in a Police organisation, comparing approaches to leadership, analysing the efficiency of interpersonal skills for a Leader and analysing the role of a Leader within the Police environment, taking cognisance of the principles, theories and approaches to Leadership. Leadership is a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues, and taking effective action to realise your own leadership potential. The Police service in Scotland has under gone many Change Management Situations over the years. In 1975 the Local Government reorganisation brought about the amalgamation of the Burgh and City police forces into the eight territorial forces that we recognise today. At the present Strathclyde Police are undergoing a significant change management situation, the result of which is the implementation of Variable Shift Agreement (VSA) across the force at operational level. EVALUATE APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP The introduction of the VSA saw the force revise its traditional four group system for core uniform coverage into a five group system. The demands of the new arrangement meant that the leader (Chief Constable) was tasked with altering the resource management for each of Strathclydes territorial divisions considering factors such as: Length of Service and age Specialities i.e. Public Order , Firearms Gender These factors were all considered to provide an equal share of skills and experience across a Division as possible. This could prove the cause of friction between the management and subordinates, as well formed; productive shifts could be fragmented and divided up across a division. Kotter (1990, cited in Leadership 2009) observed that managers and leaders have three main tasks that they accomplish in different ways: Deciding what needs to be done Shift pattern must change to give better work life balance, better service to the public and more efficient use of resources. Creating networks of people and relationships that can accomplish the agenda Setting up of a review and implementation team, looking at best use of resources. Trying to ensure that people actually do the job monitoring the results of the newly formed shifts through Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as cases submitted, stop searches undertaken and absence management. In the implementation of the VSA shift pattern the leader involved, more or less followed the three tasks as observed by Kotter, however depending on the leaders rank within the hierarchy, their approach to the same task will differ. Remembering that there is a difference between leaders and managers Kotters approach allows Leaders to concentrate on the creation of strategies and visions for the future, communicating and committing to achievement of these visions and motivating others despite obstacles to change. During this change management situation the Leader was more concerned with focusing on the implementation of the VSA rather than focusing on the needs of the employees. Lewin et al (1939, cited in Leadership 2009) identified a leadership approach, sometimes referred to as the behavioural approach: Autocratic (or authoritarian) style where the leader concentrates on getting the job done; the leader takes responsibility for everything that is done e.g. making decisions , allocating work, setting targets and ensures , through the use of rewards and punishments that team members obey. Democratic (or participation) style where the leader concentrates on the needs of the group or team; leadership is shared with team members who have a greater say in the decision making; how tasks are allocated and so on. Laissez Faire (or delegative) style as its name suggests this is where the leader deliberately allows the team to decide what has to be done and how to do it; the leader is available for help and advice if needed but does not interfere. According to Lewin et al the leader utilised an autocratic style of leadership when implementing the VSA, controlling decision making and task setting. Shown with the formation of the VSA implementation team. They had the set task of rolling out the shift plan to each division in turn, with target dates set for this roll out. Furthermore, the Chief Constable regularly chaired a strategic tasking and co-ordinating group, receiving feedback from the implementation team and Divisional Commanders, whilst making all the decisions regarding the implementation, without handing any of these decisions down to subordinates to undertake, showing that in this case he was taking responsibility for everything that was done. A different approach to leadership is that of Hersey and Blanchard (1988, cited in Leadership 2009) theory known as situational leadership, they make use of observing members willingness to perform a task and from this select a suitable leadership style. The four stages of readiness are described as: R1 unable and unwilling R2 unable and willing R3 able but unwilling R4 able and willing Most personnel which would be affected fell into: R2 New Probationers who do not yet have the necessary skills and had not experience any other shift pattern. And R3 More experienced officers who could foresee that the shift pattern was not as favourable as the current one, some possibly resistant to change. But others able to argue that there would be problems with child care, longer working days and frequent cancellation of rest days with the VSA. The leadership styles suggested are: S1 telling or directing requires state of readiness R1 S2 selling or coaching requires state of readiness R2 S3 participating or supporting requires state of readiness R3 S4 delegating requires state of readiness R4 From this theory the leader should have adopted a combination of S2 and S3 styles to communicate and sell the VSA and support those who require it. However in choosing to implement S1 (similar to the autocratic approach) with telling and directing the VSA implementation, does not follow Hersey and Blanchards theory and could create more friction by choosing the wrong leadership style. This is shown in the table below. This table shows that different readiness levels require differing styles of leadership, leaders should consider their relations with others, and the structure of the task before determining what style of leadership to adopt, evolving their leadership style as readiness levels change, as with many things one size does not fit all. ANALYSE THE EFFECT OF INTERPERSONAL SKILLS ON LEADERSHIP When a leader decides upon a particular leadership approach to their given task, they must then interact with others and consider their own interpersonal skills. A successful and effective leader requires a range of interpersonal skills such as listening, asking questions, giving feedback, being assertive and so on. This section will analyse two particular aspects of interpersonal skills: Influencing trying to get someone to do, or to think, something that they might not otherwise have done. Managing Conflict coping with disagreements between people(in broad terms) Using interpersonal skills is not just a matter of knowing what they are, but about being aware when they are suitable and knowing how to use them effectively. According to French and Raven (1959, cited in Leadership 2009) power comes from five sources: Reward Power Coercive Power Referent Power Legitimate Power Expert power Power is an abstract concept and is difficult to define; basically A has the ability to make B behave in a certain way. The types of power demonstrated by the leader, throughout the organisational change was a mixture of coercive and legitimate power. The leader had the authority to influence behaviour through their rank within a disciplined hierarchal organisation, the force were presented with the VSA or an alternative of an even older shift pattern without consultation. Influencing Leaders are likely to adopt a particular style or approach when trying to influence someone, the balance of power between both parties will possibly determine the strategy, these may include: Reason using reason and logical argument. Assertion making a direct request with no argument to support the request. Exchange negotiating to arrive at a mutually acceptable outcome. Courting Favors friendship and positive behavior to encourage others to behave in the required manner. Coercion using or threatening to use some form of sanction. Partnership gathering support from both sides to build a coalition. And also the style used, Manning and Robertson (2004, cited in Leadership 2009) suggest six possible influencing styles: Strategist this is where the influencer is clear in what they what to achieve and has considered it before hand .A strategist style tends to favour reason, assertion and partnership styles of influence. Opportunist this style involves responding opportunistically to the situation facing the influencer. An opportunist style tends to use courting favour and exchange strategies. An opportunist is unlikely to prepare much beforehand but will attempt to grasp chances that come their way. Collaborator this style as its name suggests, involves collaboration with others for the overall good. A collaborator style concentrates on partnership, reason, exchange and courting favour strategies. Leaders who favour consensus are an example of collaborator style. Battler this is where the influencer concentrates on what they want and the sanction that they will use if they do not achieve this. A battler style tends to make use of coercion and assertion styles. A battler style is associated with people who want to get their own way and are reluctant to take no for an answer. Shotgun this strategy involves attempting to influence on a frequent basis and by use of a number of different strategies. Bystander those who adopt this style tend to engage in relatively few influencing attempts and make use of a restricted use of strategies. For the VSA to be implemented the leader combined their influencing strategy and style, using assertion and coercion. By making a direct request to Divisional Commanders to introduce the VSA to their respective divisions, through the VSA implementation teams, underpinning this with their legitimate power by virtue of their position within the force. The leader wanted to get their own way, however reluctant to take no for an answer from their Divisional Commanders. This resulted in conflict, which may have been avoided had the leader utilised a partnership or reason approach, justifying the reason behind their requests. Managing Conflict On some occasions leaders can use the previously discussed influencing strategies and power levels to assist them in managing conflict. Robbins (1996, cited in Leadership 2009) describes conflict as a process that begins when one party perceives that another has negatively effected, or is about to negatively effect, something that the first party cares about . Buchanan and Huczynski (2004) argue that conflict is a state of mind . Some will argue that conflict is a necessary part of organisational growth and development, where some will claim that an absence of conflict could be seen as an indication of complacency. However conflict has functional or potential benefits such as: Enabling opposing parties to gain a better understanding of each others views. An essential part of the process by which a team becomes effective. Leads alternative suggestions being made. Helps to implement a change successfully. Leads to an agreement that establishes a framework for future working. It is not always straight forward to manage conflict; some measures can be used to contribute to reducing the conflict at an organisational level reminding those involved of the rules and procedures, but also of remits, targets and goals of the organisation, however sometimes it is these that are the root causes of the conflict. Leaders will all handle conflict differently depending on the type of conflict faced; Thomas (1976, cited in Leadership 2009) suggests five styles for managing conflict: Avoiding this means doing nothing to tackle the conflict, this can be used when the issues are trivial and there is no chance of resolving the conflict. Accommodating this means accepting the existence of the conflict, this can be used to maintain harmony and allow people to learn from their mistakes. Compromising this involves some form of bargaining or negotiation; this can be used when getting a solution is important and both parties have equal power. Competing the opposite of accommodating and pursuing the interests of one party at the expense of the other, this can be used in an emergency and a quick solution is necessary. Collaborating working out a solution that is acceptable to both parties and meets all their concerns, used when it is important to gain long term commitment and issues are to important to compromise. Successful influencing and conflict management was certainly required with the initial introduction of the VSA. Firstly the leaders had to influence the core shifts and federation into accepting that it would provide a better quality of service and greater work life balance. The conflict arose through others unwilling to accept the terms of the VSA; however the leaders in managing this conflict firstly adopted an avoiding strategy during the initial pilot stage of the VSA. At the conclusion of the pilot and in preparation for roll out the leader, still facing resistance changed into competing. The leader believed the shift plan would work force wide and therefore would be implemented, with no consultation and no argument to justify the reasons for implementation. Either that or resort backwards to an older shift pattern. In implementing the VSA the Chief Constable has made effective use of their interpersonal skills, in their own distinct approach to this particular change management situation. However a more beneficial approach may have been a mix of accommodation, accepting that there were flaws in the VSA, and the existence of conflict with its implementation, collaborating with subordinates to work out a better solution for the long term strategy of the VSA. ANALYSE THE ROLE OF LEADERS IN ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE Organisational change is about closing the gap between where the organisation is at the moment and where it wants to be. It is the leaders role to close this gap. Senior (2002, cited in Leadership 2009) has identified four levels of change in which some, if not all would be involved in, Fine tuning Incremental adjustment Modular transformation Corporate transformation According to Senior the level of change that the VSA posed to the force was that of a modular transformation, as a significant number of the force, but not all, would be affected by its implementation. Kurt Lewin (cited in Leadership 2009) suggests that there are three main stages of change, unfreezing, change and refreezing. For the change to happen, the Leader firstly recognized the need for change, with a new shift pattern, following this with proprietary planning with the implementation team before the unfreezing stage. At this point resistance to the change should have been addressed, but the leader chose to avoid the conflict. The change period was overseen by the leader through chairing tasking meetings and monitoring its progress. During the refreezing period the VSA became an everyday part of life, the change was institutionalized, to give no chance of reverting back to previous shift patterns. Within these three stages people will play different roles in this organisational change; Kanter (1992, cited in Leadership 2009) distinguishes between three different types of people; Change strategists or initiators who initiate change and set the direction for it. Change implementers who co-ordinate and carry out the change. Change recipients who are effected by the change e.g. officers on the street. Change strategists are normally leaders the Chief Constable, change implementers are normally managers Divisional Commanders and the VSA implementation team, and subordinates are the recipients of change Officers on the core shifts. Force field analysis is a technique for analysing the internal and external drivers that can influence any organisational change; some of these driving factors for this organisational change can be identified as PESTEL factors, such as: Political MPs and councilors demanding more police presence on the streets. Economic overtime cost, reduced budget and the new Chief Constables promise to cut costs. Social-cultural alcohol induced anti social behavior. Nearly all forms of change will be met with some resistance, the VSA being no different. Strebel (1996, cited in Leadership 2009) argues that employees resist change because it disrupts the personal contract between employees and the organisation. Resisters to this organisational change can fall into different categories, Parochial self interest those employees resistant to change, they think that their position will be threatened and will make them worse off, the same employees that fall into Hersey and Blanchards R3 state of readiness. Misunderstanding and lack of trust employees misinterpreting the reasons behind the change, due to a lack of communication, viewing this change as just one of many For this organisational change to be successful the leader had to reduce resistors and increase drivers for change in an attempt to reach equilibrium. To do this they communicated the benefits of change, through more days off and a better work life balance; however there was an element of manipulation used to show employees that they would have more weekends off. Under the current shift pattern officers received one weekend off in every four, the VSA would allow two weekends off in every five. Look back at the current shift pattern over five weeks, officers were already receiving two weekends off in every five. The leader used this information selectively thus attempting to paint a rosy picture of the benefits of the VSA. A better way may have included an element of participation helping to build commitment to the change and negotiation, which could avoid some resistance from the employees affected by the change. CONCLUSION Drawing a conclusion for this essay, firstly considering the approach to leadership undertaken by the Chief Constable during this, change management situation. In their autocratic (or authoritarian) approach they concentrated in getting the job done and took responsibility for all the decisions made. Had the Chief Constable approached the organisational change according to Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership, identified their officers level of readiness and adopted the suggested leadership style, they may have been faced with less friction or resistance by the officers that would be affected by the VSA implementation. Secondly, in analysing the interpersonal skills and its effect on the organisational change, the Chief constable utilised their legitimate power to achieve the implementation, in adopting an assertion style of influencing with no argument to their request, coupling this with the conflict management style, by firstly avoiding and then competing. Had they followed an alternative style suggested by Thomas (1976) such as accommodating and accepting the existence of conflict or resistance to the VSA, they may have been able to negotiate better with the federation and the officers affected by the change to find out the root causes of conflict and address them at an early stage. Thirdly, considering the Chief Constables role within this organisational change was that of a change strategist, they initiated the VSA and set its direction, posing, as Senior (2002) identifies as a modular transformation to the force. With some officers resisting due to a parochial self interest, whilst others through misunderstanding and lack of trust in this change, the Chief Constable had to reset the balance by education and manipulation, driving his vision forward. One thing certain from this is the Chief Constable requires managers with the skill, knowledge and experience of organisational change, enabling them to have the ability to change and adapt their leadership style to suit each given change management situation. These managers may not be able to ease all of the resistance to change, but should be able to reduce it considerably to implement future changes that are required.

The Characteristics Of Octavian History Essay

The Characteristics Of Octavian History Essay Augustus, during the time of his reign as princeps of the Roman people, cultivated for himself an image of military prowess, generosity, virtue, and clemency. Octavian, before known as Augustus was thought to be one of the most important leaders in Roman history. His character as a leader, gangster and statesman was brought up through tough competition .Also being the adopted son of Julius Caesar, has brought up more character in him than before as he had to live up to people exception as next Caesar . Even historians today, when compared to his adoptive father Julius Caesar, Augustus, did more for the country than did him. The characteristics of Octavian (later known as Augustus) quickly grew as more prominent political figure, just after the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BC. Octavian, although only 18 at the time, had little in the way of merit to go off of other than his relation to Caesar. He relied heavily on this connection which can be seen through various methods of propaganda which were heavily promoted at the time. One of the chief methods propaganda used in ancient Rome both during and outside of this time period was through the public. This was done by introducing coins, games and also by improving standard of living which was done by construction of public building and monuments in his name. He created the denarii, a silver coin that made trade between different parts of the empire much easier. Trade also became faster when Augustus eliminated all taxed goods which merged the Roman lands into one large economy. He also created faster transportation between cities by roads. The last important contribution was setting up the civil service. These services were open to anybody of all ranks in the army and were made to work for a job as a slave. This institution took care of Romes grain supply, road repairs, the postal system, and all the other daily work of running the empire. Under Augustus great accomplishments and advancements which were made over the years has led Roman Empire to flourish. Yet in researching Augustus, one must pose the question, was he truly a great leader whose true aim to love Rome and its people at the heart of his decisions or was it masterfully manipulating and achieving what he wanted? Or could it be possibly accomplish both? In many ways, Augustus has left a deeper imprint on the world than Julius Caesar ever did. Despite having an imperialistic approach, he understood the concept of institutions and democracy and drove them forward. Yet the man, Caesar Augustus, remains a figure of shadows that gets lost behind the details of his achievements and propaganda of the time. Over the course of his career Augustus did much to manipulate his image in order to serve the needs of his country. He managed to sufficiently and relatively quickly gain power and restore peace to Rome. His image continued to morph and change throughout his life going through the extremes of relatively unknown, to ruthless vengeance-bringer, to the pious, just leader of a restored republic. Another aspect is the way in which Octavian (later known as Augustus) was use of the army which led to important formations and maintenance of power. Octavian primary aim was to avenge traitor who killed Julius Caesar. He first gained the support of the senate by creating an enmity between him and Antony. This helped Octavian over time which helped him to become more popular .The popularity helped him to take revenge on Cicero and Brutus. Thus, Octavian formed an alliance with Marcus Antonius and Marcus Lepidus leading to the second triumvirate. The first actions by the members were to kill the great speaker and writer Cicero along with other senators and traitors. The next move was to avenge the murders of Julius Caesar mainly Brutus and Cassius. They defeated and killed Brutus and Cassius at the battle of Philippi in Macedonia in 42 B.C. The Second Triumvirate were now dominant in the republic, but this did not last very long. Next person who fell into Octavians list was Marcus Lep idus and Antony. Marcus Lepidus tried to overthrow Octavian, but failed and was stripped of his title. Octavian confined Lepidus to house arrest and Lepidus later died. This event has left Antony and Octavian to divide the whole empire which was under the control of the senate. Octavian assumed control of the Roman forces in the West and Antony controlled the Roman forces in the East. Inevitably, the battle for control of the whole empire between Octavian and Marcus Antonius was ensured. This battle would have become the largest civil war Rome had ever seen. Marcus Antonius was supported by the pharaoh of Egypt, Cleopatra as they prepared to land their forces and navy at the battle of Actium on September 2, 31 BC in an attempt to overthrow Octavian. The naval forces of Octavian, commanded by the General Agrippa, came to be victorious. The Battle of Actium is thought of as one of the most decisive battles ever fought because it established Octavians position as master of the entire G reco-Roman world .Octavian now had the funds from the conquest of Egypt to pay his army and he also had increased the size of his own army due to the defection of Antonius; army to his side. Octavian was now the sole commander of Rome and returned to Rome in victory.   The creation of a new image was a crucial step to change Octavian to Augustus, who had committed some violent acts as a Triumvir and held power illegally. At the heart of this position in the state was laying the army. It had been a major player in the chaotic events of the Late Republic and it had carried Augustus to power. Concern for its proper maintenance and for the effective channelling of its loyalties was therefore one of the chief goals of the Augustan settlement. In achieving these goals, Augustuss actions were a rousing success, since the army was tamed as a force in imperial politics for the better part of a century. This proved that Augustus was triumvir and his participation in the butchery, has led many to think that this man would seemingly stop at nothing to achieve lasting political primacy. But, we have the seemingly seen that this man had become benevolent monarch which was seen as latter part of his reign, as he was hailed as pater patriae (father of the fatherland) in 2 BCE. We have the man from a very provincial Italian background who rose to control Rome, who passed a range of conservative laws on marriage and the procreation of the governing classes, yet who was also the man whom, as Suetonius reports Not even his friends could deny that he often committed adultery  [1]  . These dichotomies pivot around the 27 BCE. Octavian the evil triumvir was replaced by Augustus, the benevolent leader of the (restored) Republic who ruled with universal consent His rule was pre-destined and was viewed favourably by the Gods. He had a divine ancestry and all Roman history had been leading up to the new Golden Age of peace, prosperity, piety, morality and justice which he ushered in. The image of Augustus changed significantly throughout his life. He started off as little more than the son of Caesar and he came to earn the respect and faith of his nation. He manipulated his image over the course of his life in order to be that which the people needed in order to believe in the future of Rome and a time or peace instead of civil war. He avoided the arrogant flaws of his father in favour of maintain the friendship of the senate but ended up just as powerful as the dictator. As a long-term ruler, he established a new system of government that managed the image of his rule as part of strategy for success. Augustus must have been one of the single most successful manipulators of his own image as he stands as comparison to the spin-doctors of the modern political scene. He was a conservative father figure, shepherding the nation into a new golden age and a propagandist. Most of his rule was based on by creating, by design, and by trial and error which created a new system of government and as well as a new governing regime. Even though his power through Brutal force, yet one would claim his rule came with a universal consent.

A Freudian Reading of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young G

A Freudian Reading of Young Goodman Brown      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Incredibly, Nathaniel Hawthorne, wrote about concepts that Freud clinically proved later on. Much like Freud, Hawthorne analyzes in his tale Young Goodman Brown the same premises for which Freud is the epitome. Thus, one encounters the issues of the opposite effect that social restraint has on society, despite its purpose, as well as the unconsciousness versus consciousness in this text, together with their crucial parts - the id, superego and ego, and the issues of the libido.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Freud concluded that many of people's desires and memories are repressed because of the powerful social taboos attached to certain sexual impulses. In cases of extreme repression, the worst outcome happens. Goodman's desire becomes obsession (Hawthorne 144). Hence, disgusted by and despising social restrain due to the Puritan taboos about natural impulses, comes Hawthorne's premise (much like Freud's) that social restraint makes people rebel against their natural instincts later in life. Therefore, different individuals choose the wrong path in life or live restless in imbalance for the rest of their lives with uncertainty. Analogous and pertaining to the previous premise, Goodman Brown's superego overpowers his id, and as a result he manages to resist the diabolical side of life, yet he still lives the rest of his life in a psychological unrest and confusion. Perhaps by restating the ultimate consequence of the tyrannous superego dominati ng the id, the author tries to make sure once again that the reader comprehends the seriousness of (which underlines) the ultimate negative effect social restrain has on an individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goodman Brown's journey to the diabolical forest sy... ... Apseloff, Stanford and Apseloff, Marilyn. "'Young Goodman Brown': The Goodman." American Notes and Queries, 20 (1982): 7-8. Connoly, Thomas E. American Literature, XXVIII, 370-75. Easterley, Joan Elizabeth. "Lachrymal imagery in Hawtorne's 'Young Goodman Brown'." Studies in Short Fiction, Summer91, Vol.28 Issue 3, p339, 5p. Ellis, Robert. "Young Goodman Brown." Master Plots II. Ed. Frank Magill. 5 vols. New York: Salem Press, 1986. 5: 2737-40. Fogle, Richard, H. Hawthorn's Fiction: The Light and the Dark. Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press, 1964. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown" An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Alison Reeves. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995. Shear, Walter. "Cultural fate and social freedom in three American short stories." Studies in Short Fiction, fall 92, Vol. 29 Issue 4, p543, 7p.      

what is a man :: essays research papers

Title of essay: â€Å"What is a man?†: an investigation of this question by Levi and Buchner. Works compared: If This Is a Man and Woyzeck. Introduction In the introduction to my essay, I will mention that Primo says a man is someone who kills, creates or suffers injustice, and that it is not the model of thinking man to wait for his neighbour to die in order to take his piece of bread. I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is man who kills Examples will include the passage from If This Is a Man in which a prisoner is killed in front of all the other prisoners in the camp because he took part in a revolt (this occurs in Chapter 16, page 155). Another passage that will be used is when Primo arrives at the camp for the first time and all the women, children, and old men are â€Å"swallowed up by the night† (this occurs in Chapter 1). Another example will be that of the killing of Marie by Woyzeck in scene XXII. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is man who creates injustice Examples will include the passage from If This Is a Man in which we find out that there is a dripping tap in the bedrooms of the camp, but that the water is undrinkable (this occurs in Chapter 2). Another example that is found in Chapter 2 is that there is two inches of cold water on the floor in the shower room, so the prisoners can’t sit down. I will also mention that the shoes of the prisoners where mixed up on arrival, and that the German soldiers weren’t kind enough to keep the shoes in pairs. This is terrible for the prisoners, as Primo says himself, because â€Å"death begins with the shoes†. Also, the Germans banned the prisoners from carrying straw under their clothes to protect themselves from the cold. Examples from Woyzeck will include the fact that the doctor makes use of Woyzeck by making him eat only peas, knowing that he (Woyzeck) has no other choice since he is desperate for money. III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is man who suffers injustice This part of my essay may be welded with the previous part so as not to have to repeat examples again. I will simply analyse how man copes with the injustice that is inflicted upon him. IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"To wait for his neighbour to die in order to take his piece of bread is [†¦] further from the model of thinking man then the most primitive pigmy [†¦]†.

Metaphors in the Mechanical Engineering Field :: Language Linguistics

Metaphors in the Mechanical Engineering Field The Mechanical Engineering field involves multiple disciplines. The language from the disciplines converges into a complex dialect of sayings and metaphors. Metaphors are used in the field as â€Å"a figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison† [1]. The Mechanical Engineering field entails different working environments and types of employment. The metaphors CAD jockey, cube farm, and worth his salt encapsulate different aspects of a Mechanical Engineer. In everyday life common metaphors like tie the knot, pass the buck, and pushing the envelope are used. Pushing the envelope means, â€Å"to approach or exceed known performance boundaries† [2]. The origin is from â€Å"US Air Force test pilot program of the late 1940’s.† The envelope refers to an aircraft’s performance and is difficult to comprehend. It is not clear why the envelope is related to an aircraft’s performance. This comparison is confusing and can mislead people in understanding the concept of the metaphor. The concept of pass the buck is â€Å"pass off responsibility to someone else.† In some card games a marker called buck is used. The marker is used to signify the dealer and the person responsible to deal the cards. Players take turns as the dealer by passing the marker. People familiar with the name of the marker will understand the meaning of this metaphor. The metaphor tie the knot has been used since ancient times to represent the act of marriage. During antiquity, in many parts of the world only, a priest or patriarch knotted together the garments of the bride and groom to symbolize a permanent union [3]. This metaphor has been used for years and is known around the world. It is hard to understand the meaning from the word usage. The meaning of a CAD jockey is a person that uses computer-aided design tools. The origin is around the 1990’s when computer-aided design tools became available to the general public. The metaphor is appropriate for a person that uses computer-aided design tools. Someone not familiar with the acronym CAD will be confused by this metaphor. The metaphor cube farm is â€Å"an office filled with cubicles† [4]. This metaphor began in the 1970’s when cubicles sprang up in the office landscape. The phrase usually has negative connotations about the working environment, which are that the environment is stressful and noisy.

Resilience in Children Essay

Resilience is how a child can cope with the good and the bad things in their life and the ability to succeed and prosper even after facing set and hardships and is based on self-esteem. The more resilience a child is the better they are able to cope with real life situations in their life right up to adult hood and have a more positive attitude. In a paper by Action for Children, it states that resilience concerns the ability to ‘bounce back’. It involves doing well against the odds, coping, and recovering (Rutter, 1985; Stein, 2005). Masten et al (1990) define resilience as â€Å"the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances†. As a concept it appears to be cross-culturally recognised (Hunter, 2001). Masten et al (1990) have identified three kinds of resilience among groups of children. These are: †¢ Children who do not succumb to adversities, despite their high-risk status, for example babies of low birth-weight. †¢ Children who develop coping strategies in situations of chronic stress, for example the children of drug-using or alcoholic parents. †¢ Children who have suffered extreme trauma, for example through disasters, sudden loss of a close relative, or abuse, and who have recovered and prospered. Resilient children, therefore, are those who resist adversity, manage to cope with uncertainly and are able to recover successfully from trauma (Newman, 2004). Some of the processes that are thought to play a part in promoting resilience include managed exposure to risk, since this can provide an opportunity for coping mechanisms to be acquired; opportunities to exert agency and develop a sense of mastery; strong relationships with supportive parents or cares, or external mentors and other social networks; positive school experiences and extra-curricular activities; and capacity to ‘reframe’ adversities  (Newman, 2004). I ensure that in my setting the staff are given the skills necessary and the knowledge to promote resilience in the children we care for. Assertiveness is a healthy way of communicating. It’s the ability to speak up for ourselves in a way that is honest and respectful. We promote this in my setting as a child who demonstrates assertiveness will be more likely to ask for help only when they need it. e.g. if a child asked for help doing a jig-saw they know what exactly they want when asking for help. They are also more likely to get on with the task once the initial difficulty has been overcome and they have been successful and will learn from that. Healthy self-esteem is like a child’s armour against the challenges of the world. Kids who know their strengths and weaknesses and feel good about themselves seem to have an easier time handling conflicts and resisting negative pressures. If a child is self confident within themselves and doesn’t show fear when trying new things e.g. climbing up the steps of a slide. However, the staff need to be aware of risk and the child’s capabilities and be sure that they are not hampering the child’s confidence by perhaps refusing to allow them to take a risk due to age etc. Self-awareness and the ability to socialise and behave appropriately in different situations and is confident about themselves usually reveals a healthy well-being and resilience. Children with low self-esteem may not want to try new things and may speak negatively about themselves: â€Å"I’m stupid,† They may have a low tolerance for frustration, giving up easily or waiting for somebody else to take over. They tend to be overly critical of and easily disappointed in themselves. One example of an approach we use in my setting to help build resilience is based on the Attachment theory. John Bowlby emphasises the importance of early relationships and quality of care for laying the foundations for healthy relationships and self-esteem in adulthood. Interventions based around attachment theory help to develop parental awareness and sensitivity to their child. Sensitive, available and consistent child care practices  protect children by establishing positive expectations about future relationships and a positive view of self, which influence adaptive coping in later years (Sroufe et al, 1990). My setting provides this through a key-worker system, ensuring on-going and effective communication and working in partnership with the parents. Daniel and Wassell (2002). They describe resilience in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The intrinsic factors are seen as three building blocks that are necessary for resilience: †¢ A secure base – the child feels a sense of belonging and security †¢ Good self-esteem – an internal sense of worth and competence †¢ A sense of self-efficacy – a sense of mastery and control, along with an accurate understanding of personal strengths and limitations. The extrinsic factors are described as: †¢ At least one secure attachment relationship †¢ Access to wider supports such as extended family and friends †¢ Positive nursery, school and or community experiences This framework provides a useful basis for informing assessment of children, and planning and implementing interventions to promote resilience. In my setting I give the children lots of praise and encouragement throughout the day to encourage their confidence and self esteem. If I praise the children they feel good and happy about themselves, hence building their self esteem. I would give the children small challenges that I know that they can succeed in to help build their confidence and self esteem e.g. jigsaw puzzle then I would give them tasks that they will need a little help to complete the task but I will sit down beside them and help and encourage them to complete it. Once completed, the children feel very proud of themselves. Praise gives children confidence and self esteem and having good confidence and self esteem shows a child has good resilience. I would support and reassure a child when they feel scared e.g. starting in my room for their first time away from their parents. Would reassure then by  cuddling them, telling them its okay, distracting them with toys they enjoy playing with at home. If a child makes a bond and trusts the adults in the room they will feel more confident and comfortable. I let the children take risks as this teaches them their boundaries in what they can do and what they cant do. I also let the children play independently by letting them pick what they want to play with to build their interest and their own self-identity. If the children knows what they like and are interested in they will be very confident with themselves. During circle time is a great opportunity for helping children learn new ways of how to protect themselves. On activity we do is to get the children to make faces of happy or sad and ask them in circle time to pick a face and ask why or just discuss when they would be happy or sad and what they can do to change this. This also helps develop awareness of emotions and empathy for others. Helping children protect themselves from child abuse is easier when you begin teaching protection techniques at an early age. It is important to build effective forms of communication with the children by developing relationships and building trust. This circle time activity helps the children to feel comfortable about talking about feelings and emotions. This helps build trust between me and the child and a feeling of comfort in knowing I, or the staff are approachable if something is worrying them I am currently in the process of liaising with the NSPCC about the validity of using imaginative/role play as a forum for exploring what to do in certain situations – example – Run, Yell and tell or the Underwear Rule. I also think the Play Safe is a good simple approach for the older children in my setting, â€Å"Playing with friends is fun, but its no fun if you get hurt. I follow the Play Safe rules to make sure you have a good time†. This is good I think because there are set out specific rules and some of the older children enjoy understanding rules and realising right from wrong. This is a useful tool as it helps children protect themselves in the instance another child hitting or hurting them. They know to tell a member of staff  so that they can help deal with the situation. Teaching a child deal with conflict is vital in promoting resilience and independence. The NSPCC’s Underwear Rule scan support and assist staff to explain to children that where you wear your pants is a private place and no one should ask to see or touch that place. It also explains about good touch and bad touch; good touch is a cuddle or hug which make a child feel safe or comfortable; bad touch is something that feels unsafe or uneasy. Circle time is a good venue to also look at the issue of good secrets and bad secrets. (If an adult tells you a secret which makes you feel scared and anxious then this is a bad secret that you shouldn’t keep but if it is a good secret that you get excited about then its ok to keep the secret). I think it is so important for us to teach the children in the setting that they can trust us and tell us anything they feel scared or anxious about and that we can help them deal with this situation. Parents are fully supportive of this and participate by continuing this at home which supports any learning and confirms this for the child. Sources: NSPCC website. Bernardo’s. Action for Children.

BF Skinner and Motivation

Motivation is a term used in psychology to mean the cause of behavior that is persistently directed toward a goal. A simple reflex action, such as jerking one’s hand away from a hot stove, is not said to be motivated in the psychological sense. Motivation is usually made up of a combination of motives, which may also be called drives, incentives, or interests. Drives usually activate an individual to satisfy a physiological need, such as for food, sleep, or relief from pain.Incentives and interests are usually said to stimulate action that satisfies emotional and mental needs or desires. Motivation is often based on acquired social values. Such values may motivate a person to seek a college education or to win the approval of others. Another person, with different social values, might reject higher education for the immediate goal of a job in order to buy a car and expensive clothes. Adequate motivation is one of the important conditions for efficient learning. In general, the stronger the motivation, the more effectively the student will learn.Motivation research is the study of consumer’s reasons for buying or not buying certain items or services, and for preferring to do business with one firm rather than with another. Such research is a special interest to advertising agencies. Great emphasis is placed on discovering the consumer’s hidden, or unconscious, motives. To discover these motives, researchers use special tests and interviews that must be conducted and interpreted by psychologists. For example, in projective tests individuals are asked to respond to things such as words, sentences, and pictures.The responses are studied for the purpose of discovering various attitudes and opinions, called images. These images might depend on factors such as social class, occupation, age, and sex of the respondents, and can serve as a guide in creating advertisements. It might be found, for example, that a product is more likely to sell if its a dvertisement makes a person feel that his social status will improve if he buys the product. Not all psychologists accept the same theory of motivation or agree on the best way to conduct motivation research.However, conclusions reached by psychologists can serve as a source of ideas for advertising agencies. Thesis Statement: This study summarizes the field of motivation and BF Skinners theoretical views and discuss his impact on the motivation field. II. Background B. F. Skinner was the foremost behavioral psychologist in the United States. Behavioral psychology, as distinguished from the earlier, mentalistic school which focused on the mind of man, is concerned with predicting and controlling the behavior of organisms, man included.Skinner’s main work has been based in the principles operant (observable) conditioning, whereby the organism’s behavioral responses in a situation are reinforced or discouraged according to a system of rewards and punishments. Skinnerâ₠¬â„¢s experiments have shown that, through such conditioning, animal behavior can be controlled and predicted to a far greater than was ever thought possible (Smith & Sarason 18). Burrhus Frederick Skinner was born in March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pa.After graduating from Hamilton College he spent a year trying to write fiction and poetry but soon came to the conclusion that his talents law elsewhere (although he did eventually write a novel, Walden Two (1948), in which he describes a utopian community based on operant conditioning). He then went to Harvard University where he obtained a Ph. D. in psychology. An important influence there was the biologist W. J. Crozier, introduced him to animal experimentation. After teaching for several years at Minnesota and Indiana universities he joined the Harvard faculty in 1948.Skinner’s most important is the Behavior of Organisms (1938), in which he presents the basic principles of operant conditioning. These might best be understood in the context of typical experiment of Skinner’s. A rat is the context at 80 to 90 percent of its normal weight and punt into a device now known as a Skinner box. This device provides a stark environment that restricts what can happen to the rat to those events the experimenter can control or observe. The box contains an opening, through which food may be presented, and a lever.The rat presses the lever a number of times to obtain pellets of food. The rat‘s bar-press is called an operant. It does not matter how the rat presses the bar—with its paw, its tail, or its nose—the operant is the same because the consequences are the same, the eventual production of food (Smith & Sarason 18). By means of scheduling the reinforcement—the reward of food—for various numbers of bar-presses or at various time intervals, remarkably stable patters of bar-pressing may be observed. Skinner has extended to education his idea that behavior can be controlled b est in restricted environments.Teaching machines developed by him and his students immediately label correct or incorrect students’ answers to questions programmed into the machines. Thus, the students are given prompt reinforcement for the required response. According to Skinner, operant conditioning may be used to control one’s own behavior as well as he behavior of others. Only by arranging conditions so that one’s behavior is reinforced can self-control and smoking clinic made use of operant conditioning. Skinner’s ideas have also been used in behavior therapy. He believes that undesirable behavior exists, at least in part, because it is reinforced.For example, a parent may reinforce a child’s tantrums by paying more attention to the child. Through therapy, undesirable behavior may be changed by removing the reinforcement for it and reinforcing instead some other, preferable response. III. Discussion A. Skinner and Radical Behaviourism By the e nd of the first decade of the twentieth century, Freud’s method of introspection had dominated American psychology. It has become the norm and a traditional method. However, a new set of theory had developed out from dissatisfaction of the introspection method.They were convinced that the introspective method has insurmountable limitations for revealing the nature of man. They were certain that consciousness could not be accurately studied at all and decided to discard it entirely from their scientific work. Some had even denied the existence of consciousness merely because one person cannot observe it in another. Instead, they turned to man’s overt behaviour, which they studied through objective methods (Smith & Sarason 18). Their study delved into the environmental causes and how these elicit a response from an individual.This approach had come to be known as behaviourism, which also formed the basis for experimental research in the field of psychology (â€Å"The Be haviourist Approach†). A leading contemporary figure of behaviourism is B. F. Skinner of Harvard University. Skinner does not deny that mental events, images, and feelings occur within us (B. F. Skinner. â€Å"Are Theories of Learning Necessary? †), although he maintains that these are themselves behaviours rather then causes (R. Smith, I. Sarason, and B. Sarason. â€Å"The Behavioural Perspective: Humans as Reactors†).Theirs was a psychology based on stimulus-response connections, which they believed were established through a process much like the â€Å"association of ideas† first suggested by Aristotle and developed by the British philosophers of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. The basic concept of the behaviourists was that behaviour grows more complex through this process of forming new connections between stimuli and responses originally unrelated. Thus, in viewing man’s behaviour as made up of discrete, independent stim ulus-response units, behaviourism was atomistic in its approach.It proposes that much of our behaviour is dependent upon immediate consequences. A person learns certain behaviours as he reacts (responds) to a stimulus in the environment (see Are Theories of Learning Necessary? †). When such responses are positively reinforced, it is prone to be adapted. Through the process of shaping in Skinner’s operant conditioning (a significant contribution to the school of behaviourism), it could even allow for the eventual emergence of responses not yet in the person’s existing behavioural storehouse.Skinner likens the process of behaviour shaping to the way clay is moulded by the sculptor to assume its final form. A considerable contrast to Freud’s psychoanalytic approach then of behaviourism is the latter’s argument that the proper subject matter of psychology was observable, or overt, behaviour, not unobservable inner consciousness. Whereas psychoanalysis b elieves that behaviour is caused by the unconscious, in contrast, behaviourists see human beings as a product of their learning histories. Behaviourists argue that it is erroneous to believe that human behaviour is caused by inner factors.Skinner says that this diverts the attention from the real causes of behaviour, which reside in the outer world. If human beings are to be changed, indeed saved, Skinner maintains, we must manipulate the environment that determines behaviour through its pattern of rewards and punishments (see The Behaviourist Approach†). Skinner believes that large-scale control over human behaviour is possible today but that the chief barrier to social engineering is an outmoded conception of people as free agents. Since Freud and Skinner’s basis for behaviour contrasts significantly, so does its approach to modification.Skinner and his colleagues staunchly recommend that behaviour can be controlled completely by manipulating their environment, and no t through Freud’s internal introspection. IV. Conclusion In conclusion, B. F Skinner basic assumption is based on the belief that all behaviors, â€Å"normal or deviant† are governed by the same learning principles. Behaviorism originated with John B. Watson around 1913 and was carried on later by such well-known psychologists as Clark Hull and B. F. Skinner. Watson argued that it is impossible to study in scientific way phenomena that can be known only through subjective reports.If psychology was to be a science, he said, psychologists would have to concentrate on objective analysis of observable behavior, such as movements and speech; they would have to stop attempting the study of such as mental phenomena as consciousness and thought, except insofar as these phenomena were reveled in behavior. It was not that Watson had no interest in so-called mental phenomena. In fact, during the early days of behaviorism, he formulated a theory that explained thinking as subvocal ization — as movements of the vocal chords that were so light as to produce no sound.This theory, if it had been correct, would have allowed behaviorists to study thinking by analyzing the movements of the vocal cords. It was soon pointed out, however, that some thinking occurs so rapidly that the subvocalized sounds would have to be made at frequencies well beyond the physical capacity of the vocal cords, and so the effort to treat thinking as subvocalization has largely been abandoned. Reference: 1. The Behaviourist Approach†. http://www. ryerson. ca/~glassman/behavior. html 2. Skinner, B. F.â€Å"Are Theories of Learning Necessary? † http://psychclassics. yorku. ca/Skinner/Theories/ 3. Smith R, Sarason I, and Sarason B. â€Å"The Behavioural Perspective: Humans as Reactors†. Psychology, The Frontiers of Behavior. 1986. p. 18 OUTLINE I. Introduction A. What is motivation? Motivation is a term used in psychology to mean the cause of behavior that is persi stently directed toward a goal. A simple reflex action, such as jerking one’s hand away from a hot stove, is not said to be motivated in the psychological sense.Motivation is usually made up of a combination of motives, which may also be called drives, incentives, or interests. Thesis Statement: This study summarizes the field of motivation and BF Skinners theoretical views and discuss his impact on the motivation field. II. Background A. Who Bf Skinner is B. F. Skinner was the foremost behavioral psychologist in the United States. Behavioral psychology, as distinguished from the earlier, mentalistic school which focused on the mind of man, is concerned with predicting and controlling the behavior of organisms, man included.III. Discussion A. Skinner and Radical Behaviourism By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, Freud’s method of introspection had dominated American psychology. It has become the norm and a traditional method. However, a new set of th eory had developed out from dissatisfaction of the introspection method. IV. Conclusion In conclusion, B. F Skinner basic assumption is based on the belief that all behaviors, â€Å"normal or deviant† are governed by the same learning principles.

I Spy Literary Analysis

Prehal Patel ENG 1302 Ms. Mach February 20, 2013 Literary Analysis â€Å"I Spy† by Graham Greene is a short story published in 1930 that takes place within a tobacco shop in England during World War 1. The story is regarding a young boy, Charlie Stowe, who has never before smoked a cigarette and therefore he decides to sneak into his father’s  tobacco shop  to steal a pack of cigarettes. Charlie hides in the shop when he sees his father comes back along with two men. He watches his father and the two men as they converse about confidential work. Charlie goes back to bed when his father and the two men leave the house.In the story, Greene uses various literary devices such as character, imagery, and setting to represent many ideas. There are two main characters in the short story. The first main character is Charlie Stowe, a twelve year old boy who is teased by his classmates at school because he has never smoked a cigarette. That is why one night he sneaks downstair s to his father's tobacco shop to get hold of a cigarette. He knows it is not the right thing to do, but he decides to do it anyways to try to lessen his schoolmates' ridicule though all through the story he has an imperious fear of being caught.However, the consequences of being caught trying to steal cigarettes are less than the consequences of not smoking at all for Charlie. The second main character of the story is Charlie's father; he is described to be an ‘unreal wraith,' not liked by his son. As the story continues, it becomes obvious that Mr. Stowe has been taken into custody for being a spy, and is being brought to the shop to grab his coat before he is led, seemingly, to trial and execution.It is apparent, however, from Charlie's recollections of his father revitalizing himself with proverbs and muttering to himself, that he actually may not have wanted to have the treacherous occupation that he did. Both of their society’s morals have been detached, Charlie's by his schoolmates and Mr. Stowe, assumingly, by German spies coercing him to join their defenses. They both know they are doing wrong and, though they present their dread in their own way, they are scared nevertheless about what might happen if they don't do their individual tasks.The imagery illustrated in the story presents the central idea of fear. Throughout the narrative, light is represented as the danger of being caught. The candle in his mother's room, the spotlights sweeping the windows of the shop, and the policeman's flashlight all provide threats to Charlie's mission of stealing a cigarette. And each time the light shines Charlie shies away from the light in fear. Also, the character of the shop itself lends to deception and fear. The phrase â€Å"smoke-filled room† usually stirs feelings of surreptitious secrets and deals, and this room is no different.The anxiety is almost as perceptible as the smoke in this room of faint transactions. Imagery shows pillars of morality and fortitude through the two agents accompanying Mr. Stowe. They both had their identical suits, mackintoshes, bowlers, and these government agents, presumably from the British MI-5, represent those who do not have to make decisions for them and have their policy of morality laid before them. The setting of the story notably gives the story a secretive and dark aspect. Story takes place in Great Britain in the early twentieth century.Britain at this time in history was coming off with the jingoism policy, implying that there is a vast amount of dedicated patriots living in the area. Charlie's mother happens to be one of them. Therefore she has nothing but good to say about the queen, and nothing but bad to say about the Germans. Charlie's father also validates the patriotism, saying that as soon as the neighbors find out he is a spy for Germany, they will break down his tobacco shop. The story takes place in a town off the coast, so there are spotlights are frequently swe eping across the sea searching for German boats.The story also takes place in the middle of the night, which is known to be the darkest hour off the day. This creates a mysterious and fearful feel to the story. In conclusion, â€Å"I Spy† is a story about ones morals and fear of standing up for them. The main idea and themes lie within the character, imagery, and setting of the story. The theme comes across as dramatic events stimulate personal morals and children often inherit their parents’ traits for better or worse. In order to present these ideas Greene utilizes various literary devices throughout the story to give the narrative depth.

Integrated Marketing Communication Essay

Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) is a term used to describe the communication tools which help channel the messages intended by the marketers through various tools and with the usage of comprehensive plans and schemes that incorporate the objectives of a marketing campaigns. (Belch GE, Belch MA, 2008). IMC is a discipline which seeks to develop the marketing strategies which help promote a good or a service in the desired way which marketers want and works to ensure that the methods used to do so are in lined with the customs and traditions of the place where marketing and promotion of a certain product is being done. (Kitchen P & Pelsmacke PD 2004). IMC, tactically is a way of putting together the functions of marketing into one single form and using the marketing techniques and methods to achieve the desired level of response from the target customers. IMC involves combination of strategies which are used to communicate the messages of marketers with the use of various sources and methods. IMC strategies start from designing the product, analyzing the target market, conducting researches, budgeting and planning, overcoming the technological and cultural barriers and hence communicating the product to prospects. IMC operates in macro and micro environments which mean the outer and inner spheres of an organisation and the immediate context of communication in an organisation respectively. The example of macro environment in IMC is the use of consumer magazines. These magazines provide a way of fine communication amongst the people and the organisations. To consumers, magazines are a source of boredom alleviation and a hind sight to know about the product which the organisation wants to sell. They perform the function of awareness for the consumers and help the organisation understand the changing demands of the customers. (Kitchen P & Pelsmacke PD 2004) Magazines being easy to use, mobile and flexible to read are the vast effecting medium of communication used by the organisations. Some famous magazines like Readers Digest, New York Times display the example of widely read and used magazines. The Tools of Integrated Marketing Communication: There are seven basic tools employed by IMC to perform the function of communication. In order to understand them, understanding communication is more important. Communication can be defined as a process in which a sender and receiver involve in the activity of sending and receiving a ‘message’ through a certain ‘channel’. Feedback is the result of communication process which a receiver sends to a sender. (Schultz DE, Tannenbaum SI, Lauterborn RF, 1993). The marketing communication mix includes Advertisements, Sale Promotion, Personal Selling (PR), Sponsorship, Packaging and Direct Marketing (DM). These tools together perform the functions of IMC that is to communicate the desired message of marketers to the target audience who are the prospective and potential buyers of the product which is being sold. (Schultz D, Schultz H 2004) These are the six basic communication methods which are used in IMC to communicate to the target audience and help in selling the product to them. (Belch GE, Belch MA, 2008). Drivers of Integrated Marketing Communication: IMC is a discipline which is only a decade old. The old 4Ps of marketing mix, that are, product, price, place, promotion have all been combined into one P, i. . , Promotion. Its promotion of the product which needs the basic communication processes and for which organisations incur huge expenses with one single target. (Pickton D, Broderick A, 2005). They need their product to be known and they want it be sold. Previously, marketing the product was the function of marketing department of an organisation only. (Cornelissen, P. J. & Lock, R. A. 2000). Organisations used to contact agencies to have their product promoted amongst the masses and to let the customers be aware of their existence in the market. (Schultz, D.  E. 1996). PR that existed in those days too, but marketers and organisations over looked the fact that they can amalgamate both the functions and enhance further tools to achieve better results in the field of marketing communications. Globalization has made competition severe and tough. Organisations now bring offers for the customer which can not only satisfy their prospect customers but also delight them. In this endeavour, the organisations work hard to make sure that their product is communicated properly and the customers are aware of their presence. Schultz DE, Tannenbaum SI, Lauterborn RF, 1993). Introducing promotional schemes and introducing personal selling with the help of attractive packaging and designs, products speak volumes about themselves, and expertise in PR, Sponsors, Personal selling and glamorous yet classy adverts in print, electronic mediums have paved way for marketers to enhance their marketing campaigns and their marketing plans. All of this is possible only when the concept of completion is hatched. (Percy L, 2008) Barriers to Integrated Marketing Communication:  Even though IMC has opened avenues for organisations to conduct businesses world wide, there are few barriers which have to be encountered while using IMC methods. The most important issue is high costs. Advertisements and sponsorships land down heavy on organisations. Advertisements are expensive, and have to be made with careful vigilance to ensure that the adverts communicate the desired message properly. Sponsorship is costly for the organisations and it has to be done for few activities and has to be done very carefully. Hence budgeting is one of the prime barriers as it comes to allotting a considerable chunk of finances to marketing communications. (Pickton D, Broderick A, 2005). Organisational structure is one barrier too. Some organisations are rigid in their structures and they tend to stay the same. (Pickton D, Broderick A, 2005). IMC tackles with the integration of all the departments together to work in a cohesive and coordinated environment. If organisations do not want to change their structure, IMC will be futile to implement and they won’t enjoy the benefits of it. Schultz D, Schultz H 2004) Some internal and external factors also tend to hamper the activities of IMC. Culture can be one of them. It is very important for the organisation and the agency to know what promotional scheme they are using and whether it is in alignment with the culture existing in a country. Wrong wordings or inappropriate signs can disrupt the image of the organisation and people of the country can sue the company too. Such precautions have to be taken in account and can become a barrier to IMC. (Smith PR, Taylor J, 2004) Integrated Marketing Communications and the Academic Acceptance: IMC has emerged as a discipline in the last decade. The new subject has come to be of great importance for the marketers and organisational managers who want to take full benefit of Integrated Marketing Communications. (Schultz DE & Kitchen P 1998, p 7-19). The in coherent and uncoordinated departments of the organisations can now assimilate together to produce synergies and can work together to have their product sold in the market. (Percy L, 2008) IMC promotes focus of customer on the product. With the use of various methods and careful planning like the use of AIDA model, FCB Grid marketers can ensure that customers have their complete focus on the product they are trying to sell. After all, marketing is all about communication. (Percy L, 2008) (Cornelissen, P. J. & Lock, R. A. 2000, p 7-15). In academic arena, IMC has created a benchmark for the people as this new discipline has created avenues for further enhancements in marketing techniques. (Schultz DE, Tannenbaum SI, Lauterborn RF, 1993). Even though few marketers believe that IMC is no different from normal marketing activities and it is more or less same, but the question is: ‘Is IMC no different from Marketing? ’ (O’Brien EM & Hart SJ 1999, p 77-89) The questions needs to be addressed, and the answer to it is that Marketing is different from IMC. Marketing differs from IMC because: †¢ Marketing deals with only one aspect of promotion, just as a ‘P’ of the marketing mix. It does not co ordinate promotion as a part of communication process. Promotional techniques are limited to personal selling and sales promotions. (Schultz D, Schultz H 2004) IMC takes cultural differences while designing the marketing campaign in order to avoid. It also helps reduce the incoherency in organization by creating cross functional teams in organization so that the employees in the organization work hand in hand towards the product communication and creating synergy and increasing customer focus. (Percy L, 2008) Considering these factors, we can assumed and said that IMC must be accepted a separate discipline and it has its own importance which can be seen in today’s world where marketing process has been ignited with raging competition. (Schultz D, Schultz H 2004)